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Table of Contents
The figures in the following show the mass probability density of the localizzation error, when the radio tomography approach is used. This method is described in the paper Patwari & all; “See-Through Walls: Motion Traking Using Variance-Based Radio Tomography Networks”; IEEE Transaction On Mobile Computing, Vol. 10, Issue 5; May 2011.
Scenario C40
In the following table, the VRTI dist. Error is the locallization error misured by the only Maximum Variance Image estimation,instead, Kalman dist. Error is the locallization error misured supporting the VRTI algorithm by the Kalman filter. Noise and No-Noise are the localization errors measured changing the parameters to calculate the weights of the regularization matrix.
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | VRTI error dist. Noise/No-Noise . | KALMAN error dist. Noise/No-Noise | Metrics VRTI / KALMAN | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C 40 | area: 6.4 X 4.5 [m] anchors: 25 speed: 0.5[step/s] channels: 1 origin: WnLab | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.60 [m] / 1.59 [m] 75th pc: 1.95 [m] / 1.93 [m] 90th pc: 2.67 [m] / 2.62 [m] | Error with noise model in [0.5, 1.75] m. Error without Noise model in [0.4, 2] m. No improvement from tracking. video |
![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.55 [m] / 2.55 [m] 75th pc: 3.28 [m] / 3.27 [m] 90th pc: 3.78 [m] / 3.77 [m] |
Scenario Pat_1
In the following table, the VRTI dist. Error is the locallization error misured by the only Maximum Variance Image estimation,instead, Kalman dist. Error is the locallization error misured supporting the VRTI algorithm by the Kalman filter. Noise and No-Noise are the localization errors measured changing the parameters to calculate the weights of the regularization matrix.
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | VRTI error dist. Noise/No-Noise . | KALMAN error dist. Noise/No-Noise | Metrics VRTI / KALMAN | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pat_1 | area: 8.4 X 6.5 [m] anchors: 33 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 5 origin: SPAN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.62 [m] / 0.62 [m] 75th pc: 0.68 [m] / 0.67 [m] 90th pc: 1.04 [m] / 1.02 [m] | Error with noise model in [0.2, 0.6] m. Error without noise model in [1.1, 1.5] m. No improvement from tracking. video |
![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.64 [m] / 1.62 [m] 75th pc: 1.81 [m] / 1.80 [m] 90th pc: 2.23 [m] / 2.23 [m] |
Scenario Pat_2
In the following table, the VRTI dist. Error is the locallization error misured by the only Maximum Variance Image estimation,instead, Kalman dist. Error is the locallization error misured supporting the VRTI algorithm by the Kalman filter. Noise and No-Noise are the localization errors measured changing the parameters to calculate the weights of the regularization matrix.
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | Raw error dist. | Tracking error dist. | Metrics raw / trk | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pat_2 | area: 6.5×4.5[m] anchors: 28 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 1 origin: SPAN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.26 [m]/ 1.26[m] 75th pc: 1.55 [m]/ 1.55 [m] 90th pc: 2.0 [m] / 1.97 [m] | Error with noise model in [0.35, 1.7]m. Error without Noise model in [0.7, 1.7] m. No improvement from tracking. video |
![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.67 [m] / 1.66 [m] 75th pc: 1.85 [m] / 1.83 [m] 90th pc: 2.53[m] / 2.53 [m] |
Scenario Runner
In the following table, the VRTI dist. Error is the locallization error misured by the only Maximum Variance Image estimation,instead, Kalman dist. Error is the locallization error misured supporting the VRTI algorithm by the Kalman filter. Noise and No-Noise are the localization errors measured changing the parameters to calculate the weights of the regularization matrix.
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | Raw error dist. | Tracking error dist. | Metrics raw / trk | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Runner | area: 6.5×4.5[m] anchors: 28 speed: 0.5[step/s] channels: 1 origin: SPAN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3.056 [m]/ 3.051 [m] 75th pc: 4.24 [m]/ 4.23 [m] 90th pc: 5.60 [m] / 5.59 [m] | Error with noise model in [0.4, 1.8]m. Error without Noise model in [1.2, 2] m. No improvement from tracking. video |
![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3.52 [m] / 3.51 [m] 75th pc: 5.07 [m] / 5.09 [m] 90th pc: 5.78[m] / 5.78 [m] |
In the following tables, the VRTI dist. Error is the locallization error misured by the only Maximum Variance Image estimation. The metrics parameters are evaluated in both two cases in presence and not of an AP WiFi. Precisely, in the column “Metrics” the first value refears to the measure with AP and the second one without AP.The same formatting is used for the column of videos. Note that in our measure the channels 17 and 24 were the “high quality channels”, instead the channels 14 and 21 were “low quality channels”.
Scenario c14_s20
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | AP Int. | No AP Int. | Metrics | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oblique path | area: 3.6×4.8[m] anchors: 20 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 14 origin: WN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.69 [m]/ 0.69 [m] 75th pc: 0.85 [m]/ 0.89 [m] 90th pc: 1 [m] / 2.1[m] | misure_c14_s20_diag.avi misure_c14_s20_diag_noap.avi |
position 1 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.85 [m]/ 1.6 [m] 75th pc: 2.34 [m]/ 2 [m] 90th pc: 2.5 [m] / 0.94 [m] | misure_c14_s20_p1.avi misure_c14_s20_p1_noap.avi | |
position 2 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.28 [m]/ 2 [m] 75th pc: 1.44[m]/ 3.28 [m] 90th pc: 2.15 [m] / 3.44 [m] | misure_c14_s20_p2.avi misure_c14_s20_p2_noap.avi | |
position 3 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.11 [m]/ 1.48 [m] 75th pc: 2.72 [m]/ 2.7[m] 90th pc: 2.79 [m] / 2.8 [m] | misure_c14_s20_p3.avi misure_c14_s20_p3_noap.avi | |
position 4 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.8 [m]/ 3.7 [m] 75th pc: 4.12 [m]/ 3.9 [m] 90th pc: 4.12 [m] / 4 [m] | misure_c14_s20_p4.avi misure_c14_s20_p4_noap.avi | |
position 5 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3 [m]/ 2.8 [m] 75th pc: 3.5 [m]/ 3.4 [m] 90th pc: 3.8 [m] / 3.5 [m] | misure_c14_s20_p5.avi misure_c14_s20_p5_noap.avi | |
coil path | speed 1/3[step/s] | ![]() | RMSE: [m]/ 1.6 [m] 75th pc: [m]/ 1.8 [m] 90th pc: [m] / 2.2 [m] | misure_c14_s20_savazzi_noap.avi |
Scenario c17_s20
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | AP Int. | No AP Int. | Metrics | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oblique path | area: 3.6×4.8[m] anchors: 20 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 17 origin: WN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.74 [m]/ 0.92[m] 75th pc: 0.87 [m]/ 1 [m] 90th pc: 1 [m] / 1.17 [m] | misure_c17_s20_diag.avi misure_c17_s20_diag_noap.avi |
position 1 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.8 [m]/ 1.9[m] 75th pc: 2 [m]/ 2.1 [m] 90th pc: 2.2 [m] / 2.3 [m] | misure_c17_s20_p1.avi misure_c17_s20_p1_noap.avi | |
position 2 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.7 [m]/ 1.2 [m] 75th pc: 2 [m]/ 1 [m] 90th pc: 2 [m] / 2 [m] | misure_c17_s20_p2.avi misure_c17_s20_p2_noap.avi | |
position 3 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.1 [m]/ 2.8[m] 75th pc: 2.5 [m]/ 2.5 [m] 90th pc: 2.6 [m] / 4.2 [m] | misure_c17_s20_p3.avi misure_c17_s20_p3_noap.avi | |
position 4 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.8 [m]/ 3.2 [m] 75th pc: 2.3 [m]/ 3.6 [m] 90th pc: 2.7 [m] / 4 [m] | misure_c17_s20_p4.avi misure_c17_s20_p4_noap.avi | |
position 5 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.1 [m]/ 3.5 [m] 75th pc: 2.5 [m]/ 3.8 [m] 90th pc: 2.9 [m] / 3.9 [m] | misure_c17_s20_p5.avi misure_c17_s20_p5_noap.avi | |
coil path | speed 1/3[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.2[m]/ 1.6 [m] 75th pc: 1.1[m]/ 1.4 [m] 90th pc: 1.9 [m] / 2.6 [m] | misure_c17_s20_savazzi.avi misure_c17_s20_savazzi_noap.avi |
Scenario c21_s20
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | AP Int. | No AP Int. | Metrics | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oblique path | area: 3.6×4.8[m] anchors: 20 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 21 origin: WN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.3 [m]/ 0.53 [m] 75th pc: 1.53 [m]/ 0.61 [m] 90th pc: 1.67 [m] / 0.67 [m] | misure_c21_s20_diag.avi misure_c21_s20_diag_noap.avi |
position 1 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.1 [m]/ 2 [m] 75th pc: 2.3 [m]/ 2.4 [m] 90th pc: 2.4 [m] / 2.6 [m] | misure_c21_s20_p1.avi misure_c21_s20_p1_noap.avi | |
position 2 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.82 [m]/ 1.4[m] 75th pc: 1 [m]/ 1.4 [m] 90th pc: 1 [m] / 1.6 [m] | misure_c21_s20_p2.avi misure_c21_s20_p2_noap.avi | |
position 3 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.51 [m]/ 1.6 [m] 75th pc: 0.57 [m]/ 1.7 [m] 90th pc: 0.73 [m] / 1.8 [m] | misure_c21_s20_p3.avi misure_c21_s20_p3_noap.avi | |
position 4 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3.5 [m]/ 3.3 [m] 75th pc: 4 [m]/ 3.6 [m] 90th pc: 4.1 [m] / 4.2 [m] | misure_c21_s20_p4.avi misure_c21_s20_p4_noap.avi | |
position 5 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.6 [m]/ 1.39 [m] 75th pc: 4.1 [m]/ 1.2 [m] 90th pc: 4.6 [m] / 1.4 [m] | misure_c21_s20_p5.avi misure_c21_s20_p5_noap.avi | |
coil path | speed 1/3[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.5[m]/ 1.1 [m] 75th pc: 1.1[m]/ 1.3 [m] 90th pc: 3.5 [m] / 1.5 [m] | misure_c21_s20_savazzi.avi misure_c21_s20_savazzi_noap.avi |
Scenario c24_s20
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | AP Int. | No AP Int. | Metrics | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oblique path | area: 3.6×4.8[m] anchors: 20 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 24 origin: WN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.22 [m]/ 0.65 [m] 75th pc: 1.34 [m]/ 0.85 [m] 90th pc: 1.62 [m] / 0.98 [m] | misure_c24_s20_diag_noap.avi |
position 1 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.9 [m]/ 1.5 [m] 75th pc: 2.2 [m]/ 1.6 [m] 90th pc: 2.3 [m] / 1.9 [m] | misure_c24_s20_p1.avi misure_c24_s20_p1_noap.avi | |
position 2 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.1 [m]/ 1.4 [m] 75th pc: 1 [m]/ 1.6 [m] 90th pc: 1.2 [m] / 2.1 [m] | misure_c24_s20_p2.avi misure_c24_s20_p2_noap.avi | |
position 3 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.7 [m]/ 1.7 [m] 75th pc: 3.3 [m]/ 2.7 [m] 90th pc: 3.3 [m] / 2.7 [m] | misure_c24_s20_p3.avi misure_c24_s20_p3_noap.avi | |
position 4 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.5 [m]/ 1.7 [m] 75th pc: 2.4 [m]/ 2.5 [m] 90th pc: 4 [m] / 2.7 [m] | misure_c24_s20_p4.avi misure_c24_s20_p4_noap.avi | |
position 5 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3.3 [m]/ 1.5 [m] 75th pc: 3.4 [m]/ 3.5 [m] 90th pc: 3.5 [m] / 3.2 [m] | misure_c24_s20_p5.avi misure_c24_s20_p5_noap.avi | |
coil path | speed 1/3[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.2[m]/ 1.9 [m] 75th pc: 1[m]/ 1.4 [m] 90th pc: 2[m] / 3.2 [m] | misure_c24_s20_savazzi.avi misure_c24_s20_savazzi_noap.avi |
Scenario m17-25_s20
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | AP Int. | No AP Int. | Metrics | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oblique path | area: 3.6×4.8[m] anchors: 20 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 17,25 origin: WN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.53 [m]/ 0.56 [m] 75th pc: 0.65 [m]/ 0.72 [m] 90th pc: 0.79 [m] / 0.86 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_diag.avi misure_m17-25_s20_diag_noap.avi |
position 1 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2 [m]/ 1.7 [m] 75th pc: 2.1 [m]/ 1.8 [m] 90th pc: 2.2 [m] / 2.1 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_p1.avi misure_m17-25_s20_p1_noap.avi | |
position 2 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.3 [m]/ 1.2 [m] 75th pc: 1.4 [m]/ 1.3 [m] 90th pc: 2 [m] / 1.3 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_p2.avi misure_m17-25_s20_p2_noap.avi | |
position 3 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.1 [m]/ 2.4 [m] 75th pc: 2.8 [m]/ 2.5 [m] 90th pc: 3.6 [m] / 2.7 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_p3.avi misure_m17-25_s20_p3_noap.avi | |
position 4 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.3 [m]/ 3.2 [m] 75th pc: 2.8 [m]/ 3.8 [m] 90th pc: 2.9 [m] / 3.9 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_p4.avi misure_m17-25_s20_p4_noap.avi | |
position 5 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3.4 [m]/ 2.7 [m] 75th pc: 3.7 [m]/ 3.7 [m] 90th pc: 3.8 [m] / 3.8 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_p5.avi misure_m17-25_s20_p5_noap.avi | |
coil path | speed 1/3[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.4[m]/ 0.7 [m] 75th pc: 1.6[m]/ 0.9 [m] 90th pc: 2.2 [m] / 1 [m] | misure_m17-25_s20_savazzi.avi misure_m17-25_s20_savazzi_noap.avi |
Scenario m12-14-20-24_s20
Scenario | Parameters | Anchor positions | AP Int. | No AP Int. | Metrics | Notes and video |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
oblique path | area: 3.6×4.8[m] anchors: 20 speed: 1[step/s] channels: 12,16,20,24 origin: WN Lab. | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.67 [m]/0.44 [m] 75th pc: 0.8 [m]/ 0.53[m] 90th pc: 0.98/0.61 [m] | misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_diag.avi misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_diag_noap.avi |
position 1 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 1.9 [m]/1.2 [m] 75th pc: 2.3 [m]/ 1.6[m] 90th pc: 2.3/1.8 [m] | misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p1.avi misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p1_noap.avi | |
position 2 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 0.95 [m]/1.4 [m] 75th pc: 1.2 [m]/ 1.8[m] 90th pc: 1.2/2[m] | misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p2.avi misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p2_noap.avi | |
position 3 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 2.1 [m]/2.1 [m] 75th pc: 2.8 [m]/ 2.8[m] 90th pc: 3.6/2.8 [m] | misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p3.avi misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p3_noap.avi | |
position 4 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3 [m]/0.2.2 [m] 75th pc: 3.5 [m]/ 2.6[m] 90th pc: 3.8/2.8 [m] | misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p4.avi misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p4_noap.avi | |
position 5 | speed 0[step/s] | ![]() | ![]() | RMSE: 3.2 [m]/1.6 [m] 75th pc: 4.4 [m]/ 1.4[m] 90th pc: 4.4/1.9 [m] | misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p5.avi misure_m12-16-20-24_s20_p5_noap.avi |
Localization Performance Vs Link Quality
The following three figures show the RMSE, the 75-th and 90-th Percentile's resilience toward the noise that affects the cannel, respectivelly. Moreover, the figures show as the multi-channels improve the algorithm's performance rather than in the case of single-channel.
In brief, the three figures show the comparison about the localization performance in term of number of channels used to acquire the data, link quality and scenario taken into account.
Channel ZigBee | S/N (dBm) |
---|---|
12 | -180 |
14 | -160 |
16 | -140 |
17 | -100 |
20 | -160 |
21 | -140 |
24 | -60 |
25 | -60 |